On how morphology spreads

A language’s grammar can be stratified, due to borrowing processes. While being a well-established term in the linguistic literature, ‘borrowing’ is sometimes used non-uniform way, particularly when it applies bound morphological formatives. Stratal Effect hypothesized, which, applying varying extent, gives rise at least three distinct, psycholinguistically motivated types of transfer. typology spread proposed, which consists main types: strictly compartmentalized co-morphologies, partially and borrowing. The widespread view that affix either direct or indirect questioned argued most likely, always an intermediate process, involving extraction formatives their diffusion within lexicon.